As Hodge, Burden, Robinson, and Bennett point out, Black male athletes are often believed to be more athletic, yet less intelligent, than their White male counterparts. These beliefs persist despite a number of high profile examples to the contrary. Sadly, such beliefs often influence how these athletes are treated by others and how they view themselves and their own capabilities. Whether or not you agree with a stereotype, stereotypes are generally well-known within in a given culture Devine, Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as discrimination.
As a result of holding negative beliefs stereotypes and negative attitudes prejudice about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly, such as excluding older adults from their circle of friends.
An example of a psychologist experiencing gender discrimination is found in the life and studies of Mary Whiton Calkins. Calkins was given special permission to attend graduate seminars at Harvard at that time in the late s, Harvard did not accept women and at one point was the sole student of the famous psychologist William James. Have you ever been the target of discrimination? If so, how did this negative treatment make you feel?
The discussion of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination most often uses negative and problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. However, people can hold positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward individuals based on group membership; for example, they would show preferential treatment for people who are like themselves—that is, who share the same gender, race, or favorite sports team. Why are these aspects of an unfamiliar person so important?
Although these secondary characteristics are important in forming a first impression of a stranger, the social categories of race, gender, and age provide a wealth of information about an individual. This information, however, often is based on stereotypes.
We may have different expectations of strangers depending on their race, gender, and age. What stereotypes and prejudices do you hold about people who are from a race, gender, and age group different from your own? Find out your implicit associations by taking an Implicit Association Test here!
What are some stereotypes of various racial or ethnic groups? Racism exists for many racial and ethnic groups. Mexican Americans and other Latino groups also are targets of racism from the police and other members of the community. For example, when purchasing items with a personal check, Latino shoppers are more likely than White shoppers to be asked to show formal identification Dovidio et al.
In one case of alleged harassment by the police, several East Haven, Connecticut, police officers were arrested on federal charges due to reportedly continued harassment and brutalization of Latinos. This statement undermines the important issue of racial profiling and police harassment of Latinos, while belittling Latino culture by emphasizing an interest in a food product stereotypically associated with Latinos.
Have you witnessed racism toward any of these racial or ethnic groups? Are you aware of racism in your community? Sexism is prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex. Typically, sexism takes the form of men holding biases against women, but either sex can show sexism toward their own or their opposite sex. Like racism, sexism may be subtle and difficult to detect.
Common forms of sexism in modern society include gender role expectations, such as expecting women to be the caretakers of the household. For example, women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing, and when women behave in an unfriendly, assertive, or neglectful manner they often are disliked for violating their gender role Rudman, Research by Laurie Rudman finds that when female job applicants self-promote, they are likely to be viewed as competent, but they may be disliked and are less likely to be hired because they violated gender expectations for modesty.
Sexism can exist on a societal level such as in hiring, employment opportunities, and education. Have you ever experienced or witnessed sexism?
Why do you think there are differences in the jobs women and men have, such as more women nurses but more male surgeons Betz, ? People often form judgments and hold expectations about people based on their age. The resulting stress, the report says, can lead to an increase in problems like obesity and high blood pressure, as well as depression and anxiety. Counterproductive behaviours like leaving work early, arriving late, or not completing work on time often follow.
Less overt types of discrimination take their toll, too. More subtle forms include things like someone being unfairly overlooked for promotion or being pushed into early retirement. In all, when discrimination is widespread, trust declines and morale across the organization drops.
Structural racism also results in lower wages for Black people, and even more so for Black women. This wage inequality leads to poverty and limited access to healthcare. In the US, the poverty rate for African American women is almost twice that of white women in all but one state. All of this affects how a business is seen by those outside of the organization. This could lead to a loss of earnings as individuals and companies among an employees' personal networks avoid doing business with the company.
Add to all this the fact that in many countries racial discrimination is against the law, and a company mired in a high-profile case could find they have to pay extensive damages. The majority of respondents to the survey called for businesses to use marketing budgets to educate the public on racial equality, to invest in tackling the root causes of the problem, and to address diversity in their own organizations, products and communications. Businesses have a moral obligation to address this issue, of course.
The good news is that where past efforts may have fallen short, a renewed focus and recent innovations in this area — including in technology — give reason for optimism that meaningful change can be enacted.
This will require businesses to be actively anti-racist and commit to putting in the effort over the long term. I also hold the view that laws alone cannot redress discrimination but are a necessary step to doing so. Since I propose the use of law as an important tool for the redress of discrimination, it becomes all the more necessary to be conscious of, and guard against, discrimination as it operates within a legal system itself. By way of illustration, I will look at the extent to which the law of England and Wales — as written and as enforced — affords rights to disabled children not to be excluded from their communities and peer groups, focussing particularly on the right of disabled children to attend ordinary schools.
The law currently governing this area is set out in Section of the Education Act The British government has announced proposals to amend s. The first of these, concerning the absence of any adverse effect on other children, is particularly invidious as, so far as I am aware, there is no other category of children whose rights to remain within their community are dependent on whether anyone else would be allegedly adversely affected.
A key legal point for our purposes is that if a child has a Statement naming a particular maintained i. Zahrah Manuel is a thirteen-year old with cerebral palsy. She is of small stature, uses a wheelchair, and communicates non-verbally. After a four year battle with her LEA, the London Borough of Camden, her mother, Preethi, succeeded in obtaining a place for her in an ordinary primary school within her area of Camden in North London.
By all accounts, the placement was hugely successful for both Zahrah and the other children at the school. When Zahrah reached the age of 11, consideration ordinarily would have been given for her transfer from primary school to secondary school. Camden LEA agreed that Zahrah should transfer to a mainstream secondary school. The nearest accessible mainstream school happened to be just over the borough boundary, in the area of a neighbouring LEA, the London Borough of Barnet.
Equally importantly, Camden LEA agreed to fund the cost of two learning support assistants, as well an any additional therapy support and equipment needed at the school. Instead, it insisted that Preethi, Zahrah, Camden LEA, and many others familiar with Zahrah were all mistaken, and Zahrah should attend a special, segregated school for disabled children. Even more astonishing, the Barnet school was already designated as and equipped to be wheelchair accessible. A six-month court battle ensued, eventually resulting in the school agreeing to admit Zahrah in March The school raised all manner of argument: that Zahrah would threaten hitherto harmonious relations within the school; that staff could not cope with Zahrah despite the high level of additional resourcing agreed to and funded by Camden LEA ; that there were no facilities for Zahrah to have a bath even though no-one had suggested the need for such a thing ; and so on.
The consequence was that a marginalised child was effectively excluded for six months. There is a postscript. In the midst of the battle for Zahrah to go to an ordinary secondary school, Preethi enquired of another local mainstream secondary school as to whether they would accept Zahrah.
Although that school was not designated as accessible for disabled children, they readily agreed. Adaptations were made, and Zahrah commenced there in September The difference between the responses and attitudes of the two secondary schools is astonishing. Whereas the school in Barnet supposedly designated for disabled children eventually admitted her, they did so with extreme reluctance.
Meanwhile the school in Camden, hitherto inaccessible, welcomed Zahrah with open arms, efficiently making whatever modifications were necessary to ensure that she is truly included. Furthermore, traditional legal systems frequently are based on a formal equality model, and consequently do not recognise or seek to redress structural inequalities.
And yet, its application failed her for six months. I now turn from an area that has traditionally concerned disability advocates to consider the relatively recent and rapidly developing areas of genetics, bioethics and biotechnology. Disabled people and disability organisations are growing increasingly fearful that the moral and ethical issues surrounding biotechnology and medicine are lagging behind scientific advances; history provides ample evidence of the risks involved in such a situation.
Disabled children and adults have always been at risk of early death from either deliberate action or intentional inaction, such as the failure to be feed adequately. Pre-natal screening refers to a variety of tests that pregnant women undergo to gain information about the foetus that they are carrying.
These include blood tests, amniocentesis and ultrasound scans. The inescapable consequence of this is that disabled people, as a distinct group, are specifically targeted before they can even be born. Access to pre-natal diagnosis has for many years been driven by the goal of getting rid of certain groups of disabled people, for example, those with Downs Syndrome or Spina Bifida. Selective abortion refers to choices about the termination of pregnancy made on the basis of the foetus possessing known or suspected characteristics that make it less desirable to its parents and to society in general.
Such characteristics include race, sex, impairment, behaviour, and appearance. In the richer countries of the world, but increasingly in the poorer countries as well, there is enormous pressure on parents to undergo pre-natal screening, and to terminate a pregnancy where the foetus is possibly or probably affected by impairment. Infanticide refers to the intentional killing of an infant shortly after birth. It is also often done because the newborn displays a particular characteristic — race, sex or impairment — that is seen as undesirable.
In particular, philosophers such as Peter Singer have expressed views that support infanticide, on the basis of decisions about quality of life and values. The Commission may ask the respondent for specific information or a detailed response to your complaint. Where appropriate, the Commission will invite you to participate in conciliation.
Conciliation is an informal process that allows you and the respondent to talk about the issues and try to find a way to resolve the complaint. If your complaint is not resolved or it is discontinued for another reason, you can take your complaint to the Federal Court of Australia or the Federal Magistrates Court.
Everyone has a role to play to help ensure that people from diverse cultures and backgrounds have the same opportunities as other Australians to participate in the political, economic and social life of our communities by letting us know what is happening.
The Commission undertakes a wide range of activities to build awareness about the rights and responsibilities that individuals and organisations have under the Racial Discrimination Act. There is also a major focus on undertaking research and education projects to tackle racism and promote greater understanding between people of different cultures and backgrounds. Projects have included national consultations, conferences , community forums and online forums. The Commission has developed resources to assist sporting organisations and employers respond to and benefit from cultural diversity.
Education resources have also been developed for schools and communities. A key component of the policy was the establishment of a new national partnership to develop and implement a comprehensive National Anti-Racism Strategy for Australia.
For more information, please go to: www. Phone: 02 or TTY: toll free Fax: 02 Email: communications humanrights. Complaint Info line: local call Email: complaintsinfo humanrights. If you are blind or have a vision impairment, the Commission can provide information in alternative formats on request. If you are concerned about offensive media stories, broadcasts or online content, you can complain to the Australian Communications and Media Authority ACMA ; the Advertising Standards Board for advertisements; or the Australian Press Council for newspaper stories.
You can also complain to the Editor or Manager of the particular media organisation involved.
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