In the carnage that follows, nearly 5, men are killed and 18, wounded. McClellan fails to follow Lee's retreat, and a frustrated Lincoln consequently removes him from his command. Following the Confederate defeat at Antietam, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, to go into effect on January 1, In the document, Lincoln frees all slaves in Confederate or contested areas of the South.
Slaves in non-Confederate border states and in parts of the Confederacy under Union control are not included. European public opinion sides with Lincoln and the Union. Midterm congressional elections take place. The Republicans maintain control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, with a majority in Senate and a majority in the House.
The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, marks a grave defeat for the Union. General Lee and his Confederate troops defeat General Burnside. Union losses number more than 12,, while Confederate casualties rise to 5, With it, he freed all slaves in Confederate or contested areas of the South.
However, the Proclamation did not include slaves in non-Confederate border states and in parts of the Confederacy under Union control. During the war, Republicans and Northern free blacks called on the President to act decisively to end slavery.
Members of the Lincoln administration also hoped that an act of emancipation would make it difficult for Britain or France to officially recognize the Confederacy in view of the antislavery sentiments among their home populations—especially in Britain. In July , President Lincoln announced to his cabinet that he intended to issue an Emancipation Proclamation in his capacity as Commander in Chief of the armed forces in the time of war.
The Proclamation would free all slaves in areas still in rebellion, and henceforth it would be a Union objective to destroy slavery within the Confederate South. His cabinet persuaded Lincoln to wait until a Union victory, lest it appear to the world like an act of desperation. The President warned that if the rebellion did not end by January 1, , he would issue his presidential order of emancipation and move to destroy slavery in the rebel states once and for all.
In the Proclamation, Lincoln left out occupied Tennessee and certain occupied parts of Louisiana and Virginia as well as the loyal slave states. The U. Navy had accepted black sailors from the beginning of the war.
In a single stroke of his pen, Abraham Lincoln issued the most revolutionary measure ever to come from an American President up to that time. Thus, Lincoln used his reelection victory in to promote a constitutional amendment that would end slavery everywhere in the nation. The Republican platform of endorsed the Thirteenth Amendment—which the U. Senate had passed in April. Lincoln used all the powers of his office, including patronage, to push it through the House, which adopted the amendment on January 31, The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in December Read the full text of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Chase, creates the system for a national bank. Congress passes a conscription law, requiring military service. Following his success, Lee decides to begin a second invasion into the North. General Stonewall Jackson is wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own troops; his left arm must be amputated. Jackson catches pneumonia and dies on May The Territory of Idaho is created from existing territories.
This territory later includes the states of Montana and Wyoming. The Battle of Gettysburg, the war's greatest engagement, occurs. General George E. Meade, who replaced McClellan, meets him accidentally at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
After two days of battle, Lee makes his greatest blunder and sends General George Picket and 15, men on a suicidal charge across Cemetery Ridge. By July 4, both sides are exhausted; the following day, Lee's troops retreat across the Potomac, never to return to the North.
The South suffers greatly with nearly 30, killed, wounded, or missing; the North endures 23, casualties. For the remainder of the war, Lee will fight on the defensive.
Meanwhile, Meade fails to pursue the retreating Confederate troops, frustrating Lincoln. After an engagement of months, General Ulysses S. Grant finally captures Vicksburg, Mississippi, a Confederate stronghold. Capturing Vicksburg gives the Union control over the entirety of Mississippi.
Angry over the draft, rioters in New York City protest the conscription act. More than one-hundred people, many of them African-American, are killed. Lincoln has units from Gettysburg rush to the city to end the fighting. Lincoln makes his famous Gettysburg Address -- consisting of three short paragraphs -- on the bloodstained battlefield.
Ceremonies take place which include the dedication of a national cemetery. Andrew Johnson is nominated as his new vice president. Horace Greeley, a radical Republican, is eager for peace.
Lincoln opens peace negotiations and tells Greeley that emissaries from Jefferson Davis are in Canada. Without proper authority, however, negotiations at Niagara Falls, New York, fail. McClellan, the former Union commander, for the presidency and George Pendleton for the vice-presidency. Claiming the war effort a failure, the Democrats support a ceasefire and peace conference. In congressional elections, the Republicans increase their power in both houses. They now hold majorities of in the Senate and in the House.
Along with 55 percent of the popular vote, Lincoln wins electoral votes to McClellan's After burning Atlanta, General Sherman begins his notorious mile march to the sea with 62, men. Traveling roughly ten miles a day, the Union troops ravage the countryside, leaving a path of destruction fifty miles wide; they capture Savannah in late December.
Sherman then turns toward South Carolina. Salmon P. Chase is appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Formerly Governor of Ohio and then secretary of the treasury under Lincoln, Chase kept the nation out of financial ruin through Legal Tender Act in Chase had also orchestrated the first income tax in With Lincoln's influence, the House of Representatives approves the Thirteenth Amendment, which calls for the emancipation of all slaves and no compensation to their owners.
The amendment was passed by the Senate in but failed to receive the necessary votes in the House. By December of , enough states ratify the amendment to make it constitutionally binding.
The Senate had passed the amendment in April With Congress's approval, the amendment then went to the states for ratification. By December , enough states had ratified the amendment to make it constitutionally binding. The Thirteenth Amendment had two sections. Prior to becoming president, Abraham Lincoln had compromised on the slavery issue in the political arena. Although Lincoln clearly hated slavery, he assumed the presidency promising not to interfere with it.
During the American Civil War, President Lincoln noted again and again that his purpose in fighting the South was to save the Union, not to free the slaves. But as the war dragged on and more and more slaves from the South fled to the Union Army, Lincoln began to reconsider slavery, and he came under more and more pressure to free the slaves.
In July , the president announced to his cabinet that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation in his capacity as commander in chief of the armed forces in time of war.
After the Union Army defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Antietam in September , Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation and warned that if the war did not end by January 1, , the Emancipation would go into effect and the Union would move to destroy slavery in the rebel states forever. During his reelection campaign of , President Lincoln promoted a constitutional amendment that would end slavery throughout the country. Lincoln used all the powers of his office to have Congress pass the amendment.
Lincoln, however, did not live to see the Thirteenth Amendment become part of the Constitution. The president was assassinated in April , and the amendment was ratified in December of that year. Lee overall command of the Confederate armies. Previously, President Jefferson Davis had served as commander. Congress creates the Freedmen's Bureau to help Southern blacks affected by the war.
The Bureau supplies blacks with food, clothing, and medical care, and will orchestrate the placement of freedmen on abandoned lands. Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as president for his second term while Andrew Johnson succeeds Hannibal Hamlin as vice-president. Desperate for manpower, the Confederate Congress approves the recruitment of , slaves for military involvement.
Jefferson Davis declares that all volunteers and their families will be given freedom. Lee surrenders to General Grant, marking the end of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln dies at a. On April 15, , President Abraham Lincoln died. He had been shot by an assassin the night before and died of a head wound early on the morning of the 15th.
President Lincoln had been sworn in to his second term of office on March 4, A childhood friend later recalled Lincoln's "manic" intellect, and the sight of him red-eyed and tousle-haired as he pored over books late into the night. In , at the age of nineteen, he accompanied a produce-laden flatboat down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, Louisiana—his first visit to a large city--and then walked back home. Two years later, trying to avoid health and finance troubles, Lincoln's father moved the family moved to Illinois.
After moving away from home, Lincoln co-owned a general store for several years before selling his stake and enlisting as a militia captain defending Illinois in the Black Hawk War of Black Hawk, a Sauk chief, believed he had been swindled by a recent land deal and sought to resettle his old holdings.
Lincoln did not see direct combat during the short conflict, but the sight of corpse-strewn battlefields at Stillman's Run and Kellogg's Grove deeply affected him.
As a captain, he developed a reputation for pragmatism and integrity. Once, faced with a rail fence during practice maneuvers and forgetting the parade-ground instructions to direct his men over it, he simply ordered them to fall out and reassemble on the other side a minute later. Another time, he stopped his men before they executed a wandering Native American as a spy. Stepping in front of their raised muskets, Lincoln is said to have challenged his men to combat for the terrified native's life.
His men stood down. After the war, he studied law and campaigned for a seat on the Illinois State Legislature. Although not elected in his first attempt, Lincoln persevered and won the position in , serving as a Whig. Only one lived to adulthood. The deep melancholy that pervaded the Lincoln family, with occasional detours into outright madness, is in some ways sourced in their close relationship with death. Lincoln, a self-described "prairie lawyer," focused on his all-embracing law practice in the early s after one term in Congress from to He joined the new Republican party—and the ongoing argument over sectionalism—in A series of heated debates in with Stephen A.
Selling the boat for its timber, he then returned home. Upon reaching home he dutifully, but resentfully, gave his full earnings to his father. When Abe was twenty-one, the family again moved, this time to Illinois just west of Decatur. The father and son built another log cabin not much bigger than the one they had lived in before.
Following this move, Abe built a second flatboat and made another run down river, but this time as an independent operator. After that haul, he lived on his own, moving to the town of New Salem, Illinois in As a young man, Lincoln stood out from the crowd, tall and lanky at six-feet four-inches. He arrived in New Salem and landed a job as a clerk in a general store. Soon thereafter, Lincoln started to make a name for himself, successfully wrestling the town bully and amazing most of his neighbors with his strength and ability to split rails and fell trees—a survival skill that he developed as a child of the American frontier.
In small towns during that era, the general store was a meeting place, and thus Lincoln grew to know the community well. He delighted people with his wit, intelligence, and integrity. For the less literate citizens of New Salem, Abe's ability to read and write was invaluable. He quickly became a popular member of the town, endearing himself to the locals as a good-natured and "bookish" young man.
Six months after his arrival in town, Abe let his ambitions get the best of him. He announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state legislature, declaring himself as an independent candidate.
A few weeks after throwing his hat in the ring, the Black Hawk War broke out, and Lincoln volunteered to fight Indians. His fellow volunteers elected him the temporary captain of their company, an honor that he valued more than his nomination for the presidency, and off they marched to war.
It was a thirty-day stint, and when it was up, Lincoln—having seen no military action—signed on for another twenty days, and then again for a third term of thirty days. In his last duty, he served as a private in the Independent Spy Corps, which unsuccessfully tried to track down Chief Black Hawk in southern Wisconsin. As a soldier, Lincoln saw no action in the war, but his tour of duty prevented him from campaigning for office.
Back home in New Salem, Lincoln resumed his campaign for the legislature, but there was too little time left before the election for him to make himself known throughout the large district. Although he won of the votes in New Salem, he lost in the county, coming in eighth in a field of thirteen. Thereafter, he refocused his energies on studying law on his own, arguing cases before the local justice of the peace even before passing the state bar exam in , and getting his license in Lincoln also participated in Whig political functions, serving as secretary in the party's meetings.
Despite his political leanings, Abe attracted attention from leaders of the time. Democrats allowed Lincoln's appointment probably because no local Democrat wanted the job, and, additionally, his determination to avoid partisan posturing made him acceptable to almost everyone in New Salem. In , Lincoln ran again for the state legislature, and this time he won. Even the Democrats supported him. His strategy had worked: he issued no platform statement, made no promises, and gave few speeches.
Instead, he shook hands, told jokes, and visited nearly every family in the county. He ran and won again in , , and Once in office, his Whig leanings came early to the front as he supported internal improvements and the chartering of a state bank.
As a young legislator, Lincoln generally voted along Whig Party lines. In , Lincoln took highly controversial position that foreshadowed his future political path, joining with five other legislators—out of eighty-three—to oppose a resolution condemning abolitionists. In , he responded to the death of the Illinois abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was killed while defending his printing presses from a mob of pro-slavery citizens in Alton, Illinois. In a statesmanlike manner, Lincoln gave a cautious speech at the Springfield Young Men's Lyceum, emphasizing the dangers to democracy and the rule of law when citizens use violence instead of votes and reason to have their way.
In , with a keen political eye, Lincoln campaigned for the populist war hero and Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. In taking this position, Lincoln clearly appealed to the racism of the overwhelming majority of Illinois voters.
Like many other opponents of slavery, Lincoln, at this point, did not favor citizenship rights for blacks. After four terms in the state legislature, Lincoln left office in but returned to public life in to win the Whig nomination for a seat from the Illinois seventh congressional district to the U.
House of Representatives. Ten days after the nomination, America went to war with Mexico. During the months of the campaign, Lincoln said nothing about the Mexican-American War, which allowed him to win the district by a large majority. Once in office, however, Lincoln voiced his opinion on the conflict. Congressman Lincoln boldly challenged President James Polk's assertion that the Mexicans had started the war by attacking American soldiers on American soil.
In a speech on the House floor, Lincoln scathingly denounced the Polk administration for taking the country to war by misrepresenting the situation to the nation, claiming correctly that the conflict had begun on territory contested by the two sides. It was a blatant and public attack on a popular President by a young unknown congressman from a state that was solidly behind the war.
Some of his friends were shocked at Lincoln's bold position, but his stand was common among congressional Whigs. Lincoln earlier had promised not to run for a second term in order to win the party's nomination over two other aspiring candidates.
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